Leptin, Insulin like growth factor -1 and progesterone hormones during superovulation and early pregnancy of Arabian Dromedary camels

Author(s)

Abstract
Background Assisted reproductive techniques are not commonly used in Arabian dromedaries due to the lower responses to multiple ovulation techniques and conception rate compared to bovine. This study aimed to relate responses to superovulation and circulating leptin and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-1). ResultsResults revealed that 14, 21 and 28 days pregnant conceived recipient camels had significantly (P=0.0001) high leptin but significantly (P=0.0001) low IGF-1 concentrations compared to non pregnant cyclic. Superovulation treatment significantly (P=0.0001) affected leptin, IGF-1 and P4 concentrations. Leptin concentrations were significantly (P=0.0001) low at breeding of superovulated camels. IGF-1 concentrations were significantly (P=0.0001) low at the day of first GnRH treatment, Last day of FSH treatment and days of breeding. Finally, responded donors had significantly (P=0.0001) high IGF-1, leptin but low P4 concentrations compared to non- responded ones and pregnant recipient camels had significantly higher leptin but significantly low IGF-1 and P4 compared to non-responsive recipients.Conclusions In conclusion, leptin, IGF-1 and P4 play significant role during superovulation program and conception in dromedary camels. Leptin and IGF-1 are necessary during follicle growth, ovulation, response to superovulation and early embryonic development in dromedaries.

Keywords
superovulation, IGF-1, Leptin, progesterone, camel

Cite this paper
Amal M. Abo El-Maaty, Heba F. Hozyen, Mahmoud A.I. Elgabry, Hany A. Hussein, Leptin, Insulin like growth factor -1 and progesterone hormones during superovulation and early pregnancy of Arabian Dromedary camels , SCIREA Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine. Volume 1, Issue 2, December 2016 | PP. 23-42.

References

[ 1 ]	Zarrouk A, Souilem O, Beckers JF. Actualités sur la reproduction chez la femelle dromadaire (Camelus dromedarius). Revue Elev. Med. Vét. Pays Tropi., 2003; 56: 95-102.
[ 2 ]	Monaco D, Padalino B, Lacalandra GM. Distinctive features of female reproductive physiology and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel species. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2015; 27: 328-37.
[ 3 ]	Al-Azraqi, AA. Relationship of serum leptin concentration to fat deposition in slaughtered young camels. J. Anim. Vet. Advan. 2007; 6:16-19.
[ 4 ]	Sayed-Ahmed A, Rudas P, Bartha T. Partial cloning and localisation of leptin and its receptor in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet J. 2005; 170:264-7.
[ 5 ]	Chilhard Y, Bonnet M, Delavaud C, Faulconnier Leroux C, jiane J, Bocquier F. Leptin in ruminants. Gene expression in adipose tissue and Y. mammary gland an regulation of plasma concentration. Dom Anim Endocrinol. 2001; 21:271-95.
[ 6 ]	Abo El-Maaty AM, El Sisy GA, Shaker MH, and Ezzo OH. Age–related rump fat, body fat mass, Leptin, androgens and semen parameters of Arab stallions. Asian Pacific J Reprod. 2014:33: 184–191.
[ 7 ]	Dayi A, Bediz CS, Musal B, Yilmaz O, Comlekci A, Celiloglu M. Cimrin D. Comparison of leptin levels in serum and follicular fluid during the oestrous cycle in cows. Acta Vet. Hungarica 2005; 53: 457– 67.
[ 8 ]	Abo El-Maaty AM, Gabr FI. Relation between leptin and estradiol levels in Egyptian lactating Arab mares during foaling heat. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010; 117 : 95–98
[ 9 ]	Abdelnaby E.A, Abo El-Maaty AM, Ragab R.SA, Seida AA. Assessment of uterine vascular perfusion during the estrous cycle of mares in connection to circulating leptin and nitric oxide concentrations. J Equine Vet Sci. 2016; 39:25 –32.
[ 10 ]	Sierra-Honigmann MR, Nath AK, Murakami C, Garcia Gardena G, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa WC., Madge LA, Schechner JS, Schwabb MB, Polverini, PJ, Flores-Riveros JR. Biological action of leptin as anangiogenic factor. Science, 1998; 281: 1683–6.
[ 11 ]	Mohan S, Baylink DJ. IGF-binding proteins are multifunctional and act via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Endocrinol. 2002; 175: 19–31.
[ 12 ]	Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins in serum – do they have additional roles besides modulating the endocrine IGF actions? J Clinical Endocrinol. Metabol. 1996; 81: 3817–20.
[ 13 ]	Butler AA, LeRoith D. Minireview: tissue-specific versus generalized gene targeting of the igf1 and igf1r genes and their roles in insulin-like growth factor physiology. Endocrinol. 2001;142: 1685–8.
[ 14 ]	Bach LA. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins--an Update. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2015; 13:521-30.
[ 15 ]	Revelli A, Delle Piane L, Casano S, Molinari E, Massobrio M, Rinaudo P. Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality:from single biochemical markers to metabolomics. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009; 4:7:40.
[ 16 ]	Kwintkiewicz J, Giudice LC. The interplay of insulin-like growth factors, gonadotropins, and endocrine disruptors in ovarian follicular development and function. Seminars in Reprod. Med. 2009; 27: 43– 51.
[ 17 ]	Ranke MB, Elmlinger M. Functional role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Horm Res. 1997; 48 Suppl 4:9-15.
[ 18 ]	Donadeu FX, Ginther OJ. Changes in concentrations of follicularfluid factors during follicle selection in mares. Biol Reprod. 2002; 66:1111–8.
[ 19 ]	Kafi M, Mesbah SF, Davoodian N, Kadivar A. Fine structures of the oocyte in relation to serum, follicular fluid steroid hormones and IGF-I in the ovulatory-sized follicles in one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2014; 6:57-61.
[ 20 ]	Salhab S, Keisler D, Smith M, Al-Daker M, Al-Assad A, Nooh A. Peripheral Levels of Glucose, IGF-1 and Leptin in Prepubertal Shami Dromedary Heifers. Damascus University Agri. Sci J. 2011; 27: 234-58.
[ 21 ]	Hammadi M, Chniter M, Khorchani T, Renaville R. Effects of dietary supplementation and parity of dam on plasma concentrations of Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 during postpartum period in dromedary camels. Emir J Food Agric. 2015; 27: 355-61.
[ 22 ]	Hsu CJ, Hammond JM. Gonadotropins and estradiol stimulate immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor-I production by porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Endocrinol. 1987; 120:198–207.
[ 23 ]	Gregoraszczuk EŁ, Ptak A, Wojciechowicz T, Nowak K. Action of IGF-I on expression of the long form of the leptin receptor ObRb in the prepubertal period and throughout the estrous cycle in the mature pig ovary. J Reprod Develop. 2007;53: 289–95.
[ 24 ]	Nowshari MA, Ali SA. Effect of season and gonadotropins on the superovulatory response in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology 2005;64:1526-35.
[ 25 ]	SPSS. Statistical Package for Social Sciences. SPSS Inc Chicago IL USA Copyright© for Windows version 160 SPSS., 2007.
[ 26 ]	Anouassi A, Tibary A. Development of a large commercial camel embryo transfer program: 20 years of scientific research. Anim Reprod Sci. 2013;136 :211-21.
[ 27 ]	Wang BP, Zhang D, Liu YY, Wang F, Wang SY, Han LD, Liu CY, Liu CX, Liu JP, Pan J, Zhang WB, Tuo Ya ,Zhaori Getu , Daolema , C.H. Huang , J.L. Han , Suya , Zhang LG, Zhou HM, Zhang L. The Effect of Treatment with Gonoadotrophins on the Ovarian Response and Ovulation Rate in Alxa Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) During the Breeding Season. J Anim Vet Advances2013;12:1610-16.
[ 28 ]	Nikjou D, Niasari-Naslaji A, Skidmore JA, Mogheiseh A, Razavi K, Gerami A, Ghanbari A. Synchronization of follicular wave emergence prior to superovulation in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Theriogenology 2008; 69:491-500.
[ 29 ]	Nagy P, Juhasz J. Fertility after ovarian follicular wave synchronization and fixed-time natural mating compared to random natural mating in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Anim Reprod Sci. 2012: 132:223-30
[ 30 ]	Cooper MJ, Skidmore J, Allen WR, Wensvoort S, Billah M, Chaudhry M, Billah AM. Attempts to stimulate an synchronize ovulation in Dromeary camels for embryo transfer. Proceedings of the 1st International camel conference, Daubi(UAE), February 06, 1992. p 187-191.
[ 31 ]	Skidmore JA, Adams GP, Billah M. Synchronization of ovarian follicular waves in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anim Reprod Sci. 2009;114:249-55.
[ 32 ]	Nagy P, Juhasz J, Wernery U. Incidence of spontaneous ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in non-mated dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology. 2005; 64:292-304.
[ 33 ]	Ismail ST, Al-Eknah MM, Al-Busadah KA. Hormonal Changes During Busserlin (GnRH) Priming Regimen for Superovulation in the Camel (Camelus dromedaries. Scientific J King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences) 2008; 9:103-17.
[ 34 ]	Marie M, Anouassi A. Induction of luteal activity and progesterone secretion in the non-pregnant one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) J. Reprod. Fertil. 1987; 80:183-92.
[ 35 ]	Skidmore JA, Billah M, Allen WR. The ovarian follicular wave pattern and induction of ovulation in the mated and non-mated one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). J Reprod Fertil. 1996; 106:185-92.
[ 36 ]	Tibary A, Anouassi A. Ultrasonographic changes of the reproductive tract in the female camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the follicular cycle and pregnancy. J. Cam. Pract. Res. 1996; 3:71-90.
[ 37 ]	Joshi CK, Yyas KK, Pareek PK. Studies on the estrous cycle in Bikaneri she-camel. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 1978; 48:141-5.
[ 38 ]	Wilson ME. The camel.Longman, London, New York, 1984, p 83-102.
[ 39 ]	Musa BE, Abusineina ME. The estrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedaries). Vet Rec. 1978;103:556-7.
[ 40 ]	Yagil R, Etzion Z. Enhanced reproduction in camels (Camelius dromearius).Com. Biochem. Physiol 1984;79A:201-4.
[ 41 ]	Manjunatha BM, Pratap N, Al-Bulushi S, Hago BE. Characterization of ovarian follicular dynamics in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Theriogenology 2012; 78:965-73.
[ 42 ]	Zia-Ur-Rahman, Bukhari SA, Ahmad N, Akhtar N, Ijaz A, Yousaf MS, Haq IU. Dynamics of follicular fluid in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reprod Domest Anim. 2008 43:664-71.
[ 43 ]	Khalil MG. Hormonal control of oestrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedaries. M.V.Sc. Thesis University of Jhartoum, 1989; Sudan.
[ 44 ]	Manjunatha BM, David CG, Pratap N, Al-Bulushi S, Hago BE. Effect of progesterone from induced corpus luteum on the characteristics of a dominant follicle in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Anim Reprod Sci. 2012;132:231-6.
[ 45 ]	Skidmore JA, Billah M. Embryo transfer in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) using non-ovulated andovulated, asynchronous progesterone-treated recipients. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2011;23:438-43.
[ 46 ]	Khalifa MA. Rateb SA. El-Bahrawy KA. Fixed-time induction of ovulation in camels superovulated by different eCG modalities during the transition period in Egypt Superovulation in camels during the transition period. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:823–9.
[ 47 ]	Homeida AM, Khalil MG, Taha AA. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestrogens, testosterone and LH-like activity during the oestrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). J Reprod Fertil. 1988; 83:593-8.
[ 48 ]	Skidmore JA. Reproduction in the dromedary camel. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994;UK
[ 49 ]	Basiouni GF. Follicular wave pattern, folliculogenesis and assisted reproductive techniques in the non-pregnant female Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries): A review. J Biol Sci. 2007; 7: 1038-1045.
[ 50 ]	Bényei B, Komlósi I, Pécsi A, Kulcsár M, Huzsvai L, Barros CW, Huszenicza G. Plasma progesterone, metabolic hormones and beta-hydroxybutyrate in Holstein-Friesian cows after superovulation. Acta Vet Hung. 2011; 59:485-95.
[ 51 ]	Abdulkareem TA, Al-Rawi HM, Abdul-Rahaman YT. Plasma profile of progesterone, estradiol-17β and some blood biochemical attributes during different gestation periods in Iraqi female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Emir J Food Agric. 2015; 27: 643-9.
[ 52 ]	Velazquez MA, Spicer LJ, Wathes DC. The role of endocrine insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in female bovine reproduction. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2008; 35:325-42.
[ 53 ]	Waller CA, Thompson DL Jr, Cartmill JA, Storer WA, Huff NK. Reproduction in high body condition mares with high versus low leptin concentrations. Theriogenology. 2006;66:923-8.
[ 54 ]	Salazar-Ortiz J, Monget P, Guillaume D. The influence of nutrition on the insulin-like growth factor system and the concentrations of growth hormone, glucose, insulin, gonadotropins and progesterone in ovarian follicular fluid and plasma from adult female horses (Equus caballus). Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:72.
[ 55 ]	Katagiri S, Moon YS, Yuen BH. The role for the uterine insulin-like growth factor I in early embryonic loss after superovulation in the rat. Fertil Steril. 1996; 65:426-36.
[ 56 ]	Eng GS, Sheridan RA, Wyman A, Chi MMY, Bibee KP, Jungheim ES. Moley KH. AMP kinase activation increases glucose uptake, decreases apoptosis, and improves pregnancy outcome in embryos exposed to high IGF-I concentrations. Diabetes 2007; 56: 2228–34.
[ 57 ]	Velazquez, MA, Hadeler KG, Herrmann D, Kues WA, Ulbrich SE, Meyer HH, Rémy B, Beckers JF, Sauerwein H, Niemann H. In vivo oocyte developmental competence is reduced in lean but not in obese superovulated dairy cows after intra-ovarian administration of IGF1. Reprod. 2011;142: 41–52.
[ 58 ]	Lathi RB, Swiersz L, Basina M, Giudice LC. The endometrium in polycystic ovary syndrome. Current Opinion Endocrinol Diabetes 2002; 9: 480–5.
[ 59 ]	Giudice LC. Endometrium in PCOS. Implantation and predisposition to endocrine CA. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Endocrinol. Metabol. 2006; 20: 235–44.
[ 60 ]	Chi MM, Schlein AL, Moley KH. High insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin concentrations trigger apoptosis in the mouse blastocyst via down-regulation of the IGF-1 receptor. Endocrinol. 2000; 141:4784–92.
[ 61 ]	Geary ES, Rosenfeld RG, Hoffman AR. Insulin-like growth factor-I is internalized after binding to the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Horm Metab Res. 1989; 21:1–3.
[ 62 ]	Kafi M, Maleki M, Davoodian N. Functional histology of the ovarian follicles as determined by follicular fluid concentrations of steroids and IGF-1 in Camelus dromedarius. Res Vet Sci. 2015; 99:37-40.
[ 63 ]	O’Callaghan D, Yaakub H, Hyttel P, Spicer LJ, Boland MP. Effect of nutrition and superovulation on oocyte morphology, follicular fluid composition and systemic hormone concentrations in ewes. J Reprod Fertil. 2000; 118: 303–13.
[ 64 ]	Velazquez MA, Newman M, Christie MF, Cripps PJ, Crowe MA, Smith RF, Dobson H. The usefulness of a single measurement of insulin-like growth factor-1 as a predictor of embryo yield and pregnancy rates in a bovine MOET program. Theriogenology 2005; 64: 1977–94.
[ 65 ]	Herrler A, Einspanier R, Schams D, Niemann H. Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) on follicular IGF-I contents and the ovarian response following superovulatory treatment in dairy cows: a preliminary study. Theriogenology 1994; 41: 601–11.
[ 66 ]	Cushman RA, DeSouza JC, Hedgpeth VS, Britt JH. Effect of long-term treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin and estradiol on hormone concentrations and ovulatory response of superovulated cattle. Theriogenology 2001; 55: 1533–47.
[ 67 ]	Echternkamp SE, Roberts AJ, Lunstra DD, Wise T, Spicer LJ. Ovarian follicular development in cattle selected for twin ovulations and births. J Anim Sci. 2004; 82: 459–71.
[ 68 ]	Webb R, Campbell BK. Development of the dominant follicle: mechanisms of selection and maintenance of oocyte quality. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2007; 64:141-63.
[ 69 ]	Delavaud C, Bengoumi M, Faye B, Levieux D, Chilliard Y. Plasma leptin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid variations in dromedary camels exposed to prolonged periods of underfeeding or dehydration. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2013; 166:177-85.
[ 70 ]	Agarwal SK, Vogel K, Weitsman SR, Magoffin DA. Leptin antagonizes the insulin-like growth factor-I augmentation of steroidogenesis in granulosa and theca cells of the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;843:1072-6.